Microbiology Moss as Preservative

Question: Talk about theMicrobiologyfor Moss as Preservative. Answer: Presentation The investigation identified with greenery has been one of the disregarded territories in the natural science as individuals didn't know about its advantages. Notwithstanding, as indicated by Gerdol, et al., (2017), the ongoing examinations have demonstrated that the compound properties of greenery have a remarkable trademark that can help exceptionally valuable. The antimicrobial property of the greenery can be utilized in fix of savage malady like malignant growth. The ebb and flow report centers around different parts of antimicrobial property of greenery that can be utilized fix ailment and furthermore be utilized as additives. Utilization of Moss as Preservative As indicated by Taura et al., (2014), Sphagnum is gelatin like intensify that is found inside the types of Sphagnum greenery that has the compound property to restrain the development of a portion of the run of the mill food decay and microorganisms answerable for food contamination. With the assistance of the starch polymer that is found inside the Sphagnum greenery can assist with managing the result identified with food deterioration. The corrosive type of Sphagnum can slaughter and restrain the further development of the microscopic organisms that is answerable for causing food contamination. This is accordingly accomplished by bringing down the pH of the earth, which is profoundly troublesome for the development of food contamination microbes. Antimicrobial Property of Moss The greeneries are one of the least difficult earthbound plants that have a place with the second biggest scientific categorization in plant realm. There are almost 25,000 bryophyte plant species, and a significant number of the species have some one of a kind natural gainful property. With the assistance of the ethanol extraction of greenery, it is conceivable to comprehend the synthetic structure of greenery that can help in understanding the natural movement. The synthetic creation of greenery comprises of polysaccharides and the substance properties of those mixes have not been concentrated appropriately. With the assistance of extrapolation of the intensifies that are required in the process can assist with managing understanding the properties of the compound. As per the investigation of Ertrk et al., (2015), the naturally dynamic exacerbates that are acquired from extrapolation of greenery can be utilized as antimicrobial operators. All the lipid and polysaccharide exacerbates that help in the process will assist with guaranteeing that they can be utilized during the time spent treatment of fatal maladies. With the assistance lipids that are available inside the greenery, they go about as optional metabolite. With the assistance of the procedure of lipid extraction, it is conceivable to comprehend the significance of these exacerbates that are utilized antimicrobial operators. The Sphagnum greenery is one of the significant classifications of the species that helps during the time spent common natural protection. As indicated by Basile et al., (1999), the overabundance of nitrogen that are found in the air can decrease the development pace of sphagnum greenery. Klavina et al., (2015), have referenced about a portion of the types of Indian greenery, which incorporates Sphagnum junghuhnianum, can be utilized as one of the significant wellspring of customary medication that can be utilized to fix different bacterial and viral contamination infection. Micrococcus luteus, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, Enterobacter aerogenes, Klebsiella pneumonia, Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus and so forth are not many of the microorganism that are influenced because of the activity of the greenery species that are found in the Indian Subcontinent (Singh et al., 2007). The microbial specialists whereupon, the greenery species follows up on, relies on the sort of the compound properties of individual greenery. Proposals Sphagnum greenery is viewed as one of the principle regular food additive and antimicrobial operator. Henceforth, it is prescribed to utilize this food additive so as to improve the wellbeing condition. The utilization of the sphagnum greenery is viewed as one of the fundamental type of customary medication, it is imperative to guarantee that further research is done so as to improve the utilization of the conventional medication. End With the headway of current research it is conceivable to comprehend the synthetic properties of various greenery species that assists with going about as food additives and antimicrobial specialists. More types of greenery has been found that helps in the matter of going about as food additives. Reference Basile, A., Giordano, S., Lpez-Sez, J. A., Cobianchi, R. C. (1999). Antibacterial action of unadulterated flavonoids disengaged from mosses.Phytochemistry,52(8), 1479-1482. Ertrk, ., Sahin, H., Ertrk, E. Y., Hotaman, H. E., Koz, B., zdemir, . (2015). The antimicrobial and cancer prevention agent exercises of concentrates got from some greenery species in Turkey.Herba Polonica,61(4), 52-65. Gerdol, R., Petraglia, A., Bragazza, L., Iacumin, P., Brancaleoni, L. (2007). Nitrogen statement connects with atmosphere in influencing creation and decay rates in Sphagnum mosses.Global Change Biology,13(8), 1810-1821. Klavina, L., Springe, G., Nikolajeva, V., Martsinkevich, I., Nakurte, I., Dzabijeva, D., Steinberga, I. (2015). Substance structure examination, antimicrobial movement and cytotoxicity screening of Moss extricates (Moss Phytochemistry).Molecules,20(9), 17221-17243. Singh, M., Rawat, A. K. S., Govindarajan, R. (2007). Antimicrobial action of some Indian mosses.Fitoterapia,78(2), 156-158. Taura, D. W., Lawan, S., Gumel, S. M., Umar, S., Sadisu, U. F. (2014). Hostile to bacterial action of ethanolic concentrate of Zingiber officinale and Pipper nigrum against some clinical isolates.Communications in Applied Sciences,2(1), 52.

Philosophy and theories Essay

Various rationalists have various thoughts and hypotheses. This has consistently been valid. In this course, we took a gander at various scholars, including Russell, Christian, and Wittgenstein. Every ha a one of a kind point of view. Russell takes a gander at reasoning as a wide field, while others don’t. His definition places theory as thoughts which fall among science and religion, which he says implies it gets assaulted from all sides. He likewise accepts that religion has offered responses which are excessively positive with no evidence, and science tells individuals just what is in reality obvious, while reasoning looks at questions, to figure out what may be valid. Christian concurs in certain territories. He, as well, takes a gander at theory as an approach to analyze questions, to make sense of what is potentially evident. He stretches out on this to state that one should likewise take a gander at the connections between thoughts. He doesn't specify reasoning as having anything at all to do with religion and science, in any event not in the way that Russell does. Wittgenstein think something considerably more straightforward than either Russell or Christian. He takes a gander at theory as â€Å"untying the knots† in one’s reasoning. He sees reasoning as addressing questions, much like the others, however he doesn’t depict it as far as religion and science like Russell, nor does he plot a few unique focuses as does Christian. Rather, he takes a gander at reasoning as just a perspective so as to comprehend what is happening (which he is mindful so as to clarify doesn't mean it is basic). All in all, every one of these scholars concur that way of thinking is a perspective and of responding to questions. Be that as it may, they each differ precisely where it originated from and how it identifies with the remainder of the world. That is the place reasoning is available to proceeded with conversation.

Reading My Way Through the Movies 6 Great Books About Film

Reading My Way Through the Movies 6 Great Books About Film I love reading about movies. Doing so is a confluence of two of my very favorite things in the world, so this makes sense, but the loss of another highly visible (and reliably excellent) movie critic (TIMEs Richard Corliss died recently  of complications from a stroke) has me looking to dive into some of my favorite books about the silver screen. Theres something comforting about retreating into a beloved subject in times of loss. Speaking of which, here is a pile of my favorite books about movies (or the talkies as I like to call em). Pick one (or a few) up and relish the awesomeness. The Great Movies by Roger Ebert I picked up a nice hardback copy of  The Great Movies  this weekend, and I cant recommend it (and the two subsequent volumes) highly enough for movie fans. Theres nothing snooty (ok, almost nothing) about Eberts appreciations of the 100 movies he stumps for in the book, even when the movies themselves are especially obscure or challenging. The essays include looks at more familiar classics like Vertigo and  2001: A Space Odyssey  and Casablanca, as well as a huge number of less well known pictures.  I cant remember reading a writer whose depthless dedication to a single pursuit shone through more clearly on the page than Roger Ebert. He even loved slamming terrible movies nearly as much as celebrating excellent ones, and he has so much fun with it, the takedowns are sometimes more enjoyable to read than the celebrations. So if hatchet jobs are your cup of tea, pick up  I Hated, Hated, Hated This Movie,  Your Movie Sucks, or  A Horrible Experience of Unbearable Length. Me, I try to ke ep things on the sunny side, so Im going to go hunting for a copy of Mr. Eberts collected four-star reviews 1967-2007, which should keep me busy watching (and reading) for a good long while. Hitchcock/Truffaut  by François Truffaut This book-length interview is a fascinating peak behind the Master of Suspenses curtain. François Truffaut, an iconic filmmaker in his own right, takes us on a walk through Hitchcocks entire filmography, centering each of the books chapters on one of Hitchs films, in chronological order. Im a Hitchcock nut, and Ive read just about everything about him there is to read, but theres no better book about the man (or maybe filmmaking in general) that I can imagine than  Hitchcock/Truffaut. The Measure of a Man  by Sidney Poitier Sidney Poitier is one of the greatest, most groundbreaking  actors in film history, and this spiritual autobiography explores the life behind his incredible career, from his youth in the Bahamas to his starring roles in some of the most essential films in American history, Poitier examines the values that shaped his choices and his response to the immense challenge of being the most visible black actor working during the civil rights era. Poitier is an impressive dude, whether in front of the camera or not, and if the cross-section of film history, black experience, and personal insight into the two seems like a place you want to read about,  The Measure of a Man  is a no-brainer. Do the Movies Have a Future? by David Denby I am not generally a fan of hand-wringing concerns over the future of art forms. Many of them have survived quite a long time without my worry helping or hurting them very much, after all. But David Denby (whose work is most commonly found in  The New Yorker) takes care to ground his concerns in far more reality than hyperbole. He wonders about the effect CGI has had on the visceral quality of action films and about the increasing infrequency of serious, mid-budget, studio pictures made for adult audiences. His views may still veer occasionally toward paranoia, but that doesnt mean he isnt right. 5001 Nights at the Movies  by Pauline Kael Kael is without question one of the most influential film critics ever, and though the work displayed in  5001 Nights  isnt her most in-depth (the book features nearly 3,000 shorter reviews of the kind she long wrote for  The New Yorker), it covers such a tremendous amount of ground and points to so many different kinds of films that the brevity of its contents actually work in its favor. This is the sort of book you thumb through when youve got a few minutes, when you want suggestions for your Netflix queue, or when you just feel like learning something you didnt know about the movies. Its endlessly practical in that way, and since it serves as such a great introduction to Kaels work, its also a door-opener to a much wider world, both in terms of film  and Kaels immense amount of deeper criticism. From Reverence to Rape: The Treatment of Women in the Movies  by Molly Haskell If youve ever heard the complaint that it was a weak year for women in movies or the Best Supporting Actress race this year is a little thin and wondered how its possible for commentary like that to be possible year after year, this book might clear a few things up. The way women are presented onscreen trickles down to the availability of good roles for women, the value (or lack thereof) of womens stories in Hollywood, and the bizarre gap in expectations we have regarded gender in the world of film. The title should be a giveaway that the book isnt a breezy read, but the subject demands a serious examination, which is what it deserves, and is exactly what Haskell gives it. ____________________ Book Riot Live is coming! Join us for a two-day event full of books, authors, and an all around good time. Its the convention for book lovers that weve always wanted to attend. So we are doing it ourselves.

Analysis of Marketing Environment - 878 Words

1) Macro environmental analysis Macro analysis is also known as PESTEL analysis which stands for- Political factors Economical factors Social factors Technological factors Environmental factors Legal factors Political factors The business operation of an organization is always influenced by the policies of state and its government. McDonald’s business is also under the control of government’s rules and regulations. The main issue of controlling food business is health and other issues are license, employee laws, tax issues etc. McDonald’s follows the local government’s policies as well as foreign investment policies on its franchise business strategy. Political instability of local state also affects McDonald’s business.†¦show more content†¦If every company maintains the legal process, not only the company itself but also every part of our society will be benefited. McDonald’s, as a giant food chain, has to be seriously responsible regarding legal issues. 2) Micro environmental analysis: Micro environment covers the internal factors which influence the operations of organization. McDonald’s is influenced by its internal factors .The internal factors are- Suppliers Competitors Customers Publics Intermediaries Suppliers McDonald’s has its own suppliers and it practices very close relationship with suppliers. McDonald’s divides its suppliers into two divisions who are called direct suppliers and indirect suppliers. The indirect suppliers deliver the ingredients to the direct suppliers and the direct suppliers produce the food for McDonald’s. McDonald’s understands the importance of its suppliers and always co-operates with professional manners. (aboutmcdonalds.com) Competitors As the global market of 21st century is highly competitive, McDonald’s has some strong competitors, for example, KFC, Burger King, Pizza Hut etc. all competitors have good brand image, remarkable market share, long business history and so on. On this competitive situation, McDonald’s needs to consider its competitors power to ensure its dominating position. Customers McDonald’s is serving millions of customersShow MoreRelatedMarketing Environment and Marketing Analysis800 Words   |  4 Pages In the case study ‘Youngcare and the donation landscape’ it is evident that the not-for-profit organization needed to raise funds to provide facilities to Young adults with high needs. In order to do this the organization had to study its environment ie its competitors, raising awareness amongst people and setting its targets. Youngcare competes with other renowned not for profit organizations such as the Red Cross and the McGrath Foundation; its direct competitors. The not for profit organizationRead MoreMarketing Environment Analysis1338 Words   |  6 Pagesresilient to our suffering economy (Gaur 2013). Statistics and numbers only confirm what we see on the streets, food trucks have come and will be staying; and making a huge profit. IBISworlds Market research report shows just this in their SWOT analysis â€Å"The Street Vendors industry is in a growth phase of its life cycle. Over the 10 years to 2017, industry value added (IVA), which measures an industrys contribution to GDP, will grow at an average annual rate of 3.5%. By comparison, GDP is anticipatedRead MoreAptamil Marketing Environment Analysis888 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction: The aim of this essay is to analyze the marketing environment in which Apamil Nutrition baby formula operates. Furthermore, to distinguish a target market for the Follow-on Formula and also regulate how the offer is positioned in the Australian market. 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TheRead MoreAnalysis of British Airways Marketing Environment4680 Words   |  19 PagesExternal Analysis 3.1 Macro Environmental analysis 3.1.1 Political and Legal Factors 3.1.2 Economic Factors 3.1.3 Social Factors 3.1.4 Technological Factors 3.1.5 Environmental Factors 3.2 Micro Environmental Analysis 3.2.1 Industry Analysis 3.2.2 Market Analysis 3.2.3 Competitor Analysis 3.2.4 Customer Analysis 3.2.5 Stakeholder Analysis 4.0 Internal Analysis 4.1 Resource Analysis 4.2 Marketing Audit 4.2.1 Marketing Strategies Audit 4.2.2 Marketing Structure Audit 4.2.3 Marketing Systems AuditRead MoreMarketing Environment Analysis for Automotive Industry in India2767 Words   |  12 PagesPAPER ON Marketing Environment Analysis for Automotive Industry in India SUBMITTED BY ANANGA DAS JIPMT001 INTRODUCTION The automotive industry in India is one of the largest in the world and one of the fastest growing globally. India’s passenger car and commercial vehicle manufacturing industry is the sixth largest in the world, with an annual production of more than 3.9million units in 2012. According to recent reports, India overtook Brazil and became the sixth largest passenger vehicleRead MoreMarketing Environment Analysis Of Wm Morrison Supermarkets Plc1330 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction This assignment, as part of the Marketing module examination, will first include a marketing environment analysis of Wm Morrison Supermarkets PLC for both the internal and external environment of the company. Secondly, a SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats) analysis will be conducted followed by strategic recommendations concerning the company’s future operation. Prior to the above-mentioned contents of this assignment is a brief description of Wm Morrison SupermarketsRead MoreJust Us! Cafes Marketing Environment Analysis Report Essay5589 Words   |  23 PagesMarketing Planning at Just Us! Cafà ©s case study TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 3 1. Introduction 4 2. Internal and External Audit of Marketing Environment of Just Us! and Ethical Issues 6 2.1 Strengths 6 2.2 Weakness 7 2.3 Opportunities 7 2.4 Threats 8 3. Issues in Challenging within Just Us! Product Life Cycle 11 3.1 Product Life Cycle (PLC) 11 3.1 .1 Introductory Stage 12 3.1.2 Growth Stage 12 3.1.3 Maturity Stage 13 3.1.4 Decline Stage 13 4. Customer retentions/Read MoreMacro-Environment Analysis on Airasia and Its Effect on Marketing Decision Making |2979 Words   |  12 PagesMacro-environment Analysis on AirAsia and its effect on Marketing Decision Making | Prepared by Gajanayagam Jeyasundram | | | | This paper looks at a comprehensive macro-economic analysis using PESTEL and how it influenced marketing strategy and initiatives at AirAsia. | Table of Content | Content | 1.0 | Introduction * 1.1 Company Background | 2.0 | Macro-environment Analysis * 2.1 Demographic Factors * 2.2 Economic Factors * 2.3 Natural Factors * 2.4 TechnologicalRead MoreSituation Analysis of International Marketing Environment (Marks and Spencer in Spain)3529 Words   |  15 PagesSituation Analysis of International Marketing Environment MKT362 Individual Assignment [pic] Written by: Ksenia Samsonova For: Richard Cawley Date: 25/10/2010 Table of Contents 1. Terms of Reference 3 2. Procedure 3 3. Findings 3 3.1 An analysis of the marketing environment for Spain 5 3.2 A SWOT analysis of Marks Spencer PLC for Spain 6 4. Recommendations 9 5. Appendices 11 6. Bibliography 20 1Read MoreEnvironment Friendly Lifestyle Products : An Analysis Of The Adoption Levels, Consumer Perceptions And Marketing Techniques1612 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction: Research Problem: To examine the shortfalls in the usage of environment friendly lifestyle products: An analysis of the adoption levels, consumer perceptions and marketing techniques. Specific Research Questions: †¢ What are the consumer perceptions regarding the environment friendly daily use products used for mitigating and adapting to the climate changes? †¢ What is the level of adoption of environment friendly products and the economic / ecological benefits of using such products

Confidence Enables A Person to Try New Things - 1471 Words

During my early years I was bullied in and out of school. My first experience with bullying started when I was in daycare. A girl named Mary Doe. Every time I saw her she would talk about either my hair or my clothes or the way I looked. One day, my brother and Mary Doe’s sister were watching Mary Doe and I and then Mary Doe’s aunt had told her to leave me alone. And after her aunt left the room, Mary Doe started pushing me to see what I would do and after a while I got really mad so I punched her in the face. As her aunt came back in the room, she saw Mary Doe on the floor with me standing over her. Mary Doe’s Aunt then said, â€Å"Did I not tell you to leave her alone.† After that experience I knew that I had the confidence to stand up to bullying. But as I entered middle school I lost my confidence and became a mute person until another girl started to bully me. From this experience I learned that confidence a big part of your life and it is important b ecause confidence allows you to ask for help, it enables you to go out and try new things, and confidence enables you to be independent. Asking for help is an important part of confidence because it takes a strong person to admit they need help. Some people think (myself included) that we see that asking for help is a sign of weakness. Whenever I refuse to ask for help, I try to guilt myself into saying I’m strong, but that’s not true it’s really because I’m scared to admit that I can’t do it all on my own. I worry that whenShow MoreRelatedWhy is confidence so important?800 Words   |  4 PagesWhy is confidence so important? During my early years I was bullied in and out of school. My first experience with bullying started when I was in daycare. A girl named Kelly started bullying me. Every time I saw her she would talk about either my hair or my clothes or the way I looked. One day, my brother and Kelly’s sister were watching Kelly and I. Kelly’s aunt had told her to leave me alone. And after her aunt left the room, Kelly started pushing me to see what I would do and after a while I gotRead MoreWhat Makes A Good Manager?1310 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction I’ve always believed that every person has a set of skills and competencies which make shape that person into what is he. What defines a person is his personality and this personality shapes a manager’s effectiveness in a workplace. I feel that maintaining a positive work ethic is always a choice for anyone and it’s certainly not a result of the personality type. There are certain traits for every personality and those traits show the true person. Like for example, I feel that in a workplaceRead MoreReflection On Personal Experience853 Words   |  4 Pagesand others inactive, there is no simple answer, in my short life I have discovered that everyone is different, physically and in life experiences. 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Many of his charactersRead MoreLeadership Approach : The Skills Approach1101 Words   |  5 PagesLeadership Approach In his textbook, Northouse discussed on the Skills Approach, that leadership is based on three skills which are technical skill that focuses on competence on working with things, human skill that emphasizes on working with people, and conceptual skill that concentrates more on working with ideas. The skills approach suggests that knowledge, abilities and skills are needed for leaders to be effective. To become effective managers or leaders it is important that I acquire theRead MoreSelf Esteem And Self-Esteem832 Words   |  4 Pageshow perfect your social media is can all have an impact on how you feel about yourself. These daily experiences are why people’s thoughts and feelings about themselves fluctuate. All of these thoughts about oneself is self-esteem. 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This is also why people dress up in professionalRead MoreMy Leadership Experience As A Leadership Essay1462 Words   |  6 Pagesand in aspiring for career advancement. . Leadership Approach In his textbook, Northouse discussed on the Skills Approach, that leadership is based on three skills which are technical skill that focuses on competence on working with things, human skill that emphasizes on working with people, and conceptual skill that concentrates more on working with ideas. The skills approach suggests that knowledge, abilities and skills are needed for leaders to be effective. To become effective

Balance Sheet and Income Statement Analysis Free Essays

BALANCE SHEET AND INCOME STATEMENT -Identify the different financial statements (BS*, IS, Statement of Stockholders’ Equity, and related notes) -Identify the different components of the BS (Assets: current and long term; Liabilities: current and long term; stockholders’ equity: preferred stock, common stock, PIC, treasury stock) -Identify the different component of the IS (Gross profit, earnings before interest and taxes, interest expense, income tax expense, income from continuing operations, discontinued activities, extraordinary items) -Identify within the IS, BS and Stockholders equity statement: comprehensive income,OCI and accumulated OCI PPE -Identify the different components of PPE (property, plant, equipment) and related accumulation depreciation. Locate the depreciation methods and estimates used for the calculations. -Identify valuation basis (market value or historical costs) and describe the impairment testing procedure for PPE. We will write a custom essay sample on Balance Sheet and Income Statement Analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now -Identify the amount of depreciation expense in the IS (or the notes) Compute profitability ratios and provide a short analysis (see exercise 10-26B). INTANGIBLES -Identify the different components of Intangible assets (marketing, customer, contractual, technological, goodwill) and related accumulation amortization (if available). Locate the amortization methods and estimates used for the calculations. -Identify if they have definite or indefinite life – Describe the impairment testing procedure for PPE. -Identify the amount of amortization expense in the IS (or the notes) LIABILITIES – Identify current liabilities (including contingencies) in the BS – Identify the LT liabilities (nature and the total amount) in the BS – Identify the amount of interest expense in the IS – What type contingencies are disclosed, their probability of occurrence and their range of estimate. – Determine the number of LT debts (loans, bonds etc†¦), related maturity date and rate of interest (coupon for bonds) and amount. – Compute solvency and liquidity ratios and provide a short analysis. STOCKOLDERS’ EQUITY – Identify the types of shares, the number of shares authorized, issued and outstanding (if any, treasury stock) and PIC. For PS, identify the stated rate, covenants/characteristics. – Locate Dividends in the BS and SE (2schedules) and IS. – Identify which types of dividends have been issued (Cash? Stock, Split? Other?) – Identify Accumulated OCI in 2 schedules (BS and statement of stockholders Equity). – Explain briefly the different of Stockholders Equity Statement – Apply ratios related to chapter 13 (end of ppt presentation) and provide a short analysis. CHAPTER 14 – INVESTMENTS – Identify the different investments in the BS and related notes (Debt and Equity), then by classification (Held to Maturity, Trading or Available for sale) – Identify in SE section of the BS the accumulated OCI, then locate in Stockholders Equity Statement, the different movement of OCI (BB +/- changes). – Identify in the IS the OCI component (if any) and comprehensive income. – Check for investment between 20-50% that use the equity method (see notes) – Check for impairment testing for investments CHAPTER 17 – LEASING – Identify the capital lease assets and liabilities in the BS and related interest expense plus depreciation expense in the IS. – Identify if there is any operating lease. – What is the nature of every lease (sales-type or direct-financing) and related financial conditions. – Identify the lease payments for the next 5 years and the different categories of leased assets. *BS = Balance Sheet IS = Income Statement SE = Stockholder’s Equity statement (or statement of changes in equity) How to cite Balance Sheet and Income Statement Analysis, Papers

Marijuana Essays (3997 words) - Medicinal Plants, Entheogens, Herbs

Marijuana Marijuana Throughout history marijuana has been used to serve various purposes in many different cultures. The purposes have changed over time to fit in with the current lifestyles. This pattern is also true in American history. The use of marijuana has adapted to the social climate of the time. Marijuana, whose scientific name is cannibis sativa, was mentioned in historical manuscripts as early as 2700 B. C. in China. (Grolier Electronic Encyclopedia, 1995). The cultivation of the marijuana plant began as far back as the Jamestown settlers, around 1611, who used hemp produced from the marijuana plant's fibers to make rope and canvas. It was also used in making clothing because of it's durability. These uses fit in with the social climate of the time, because the main focus was on survival rather than for psychoactive purposes. During the prohibition, marijuana was widely used because of the scarcity of alcohol. Prohibition was repealed after just thirteen years while the prohibition against m arijuana lasted for more than seventy five years. This double standard may have resulted from the wishes of those in power. Alcohol prohibition struck directly at tens of millions of Americans of all ages, including many of societies most powerful members. Marijuana prohibition threatened far fewer Americans, and they had relatively little influence in the districts of power. Only the prohibition of marijuana, which some sixty million Americans have violated since 1965 has come close to approximating the prohibition experience, but marijuana smokers consist mostly of young and relatively powerless Americans (American Heritage, pg. 47). Alcohol prohibition was repealed and marijuana prohibition was retained, not because scientists had proved that alcohol was the less dangerous of the various psychoactive drugs, but because of the prejudices and preferences of most Americans (American Heritage, pg. 47). In 1937 the government issued the Marijuana Tax Act, which levied a dollar an ounce tax on marijuana, coupled with fines of $2,000 for drug possession and jail sentences for evasion of the tax. For this reason marijuana use in the United States appears to have gone into decline in the late 30's (Grolier Wellness Encyclopedia, pg. 54). Then marijuana was outlawed in 1937 as a repressive measure against Mexican workers who crossed the border seeking jobs during the Depression. The specific reason given for the outlawing of the hemp plant was it's supposed violent effect on the degenerate races (Schaffer, pg. 86). Beginning in the 60's marijuana use saw a resurgence which may be attributed to many causes. One of the main causes was the rebellion of youth against the Vietnam War. They used marijuana as an escape from war to peace. It was easy at this time to depict marijuana as a beneficial and completely harmless substance whose effects were far less harmful than those of legal drugs such as alcohol and nicotine because there was not enough scientific research done during the 60's (Grolier Wellness Encyclope dia, pg. 54). Another cause may have been the discovery of the psychoactive component of marijuana- tetrahydrocannabinol, commonly known as THC. Users found the relation between the doses and the effects (Grolier Electronic Publishing, 1995). The current atmosphere provides for doctors to suggest synthetic marijuana (THC) in a pure and standardized form bp rescriptionon (called Marinol) for the treatment of nausea associated with cancer chemotherapy. Also, although there is no scientific evidence that shows marijuana is beneficial in the treatment of glaucoma, it may prevent the progression of visual loss. Marijuana, along with alcohol and a host of other substances, can actually lower intraocular eye pressure. The medication however, must be carefully tailored to the individual to prevent further eye damage. The evidence has clearly shown that marijuana has been around for a great deal of time and has served multiple purposes throughout history. History Of Marijuana Marijuana Through Time I cannot know now which of the several uses of Cannabis was earliest. Since plant uses normally proceed from the simpler to the more complex, one might presume that its useful fibers first attracted man's attention. Indeed remains of hemp fibers have been found in the earliest archaeological sites in the cradles of Asiatic civilization: evidence of fiber in China dating from 4000 B.C. and hemp rope and thread from Turkestan from